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Adviser's Guide to Mergers, Acquisitions, and Sales of Closely Held Businesses

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Description

The Adviser’s Guide to Mergers, Acquisitions, and Sales of Closely Held Businesses: Advanced Case Analysis is a premium resource for practitioners in the growing mergers and acquisitions field. This book will equip you to advise your M&A clients about the structures, tax ramifications, success strategies, and pitfalls of these transactions. You’ll quickly learn to apply this information in your practice through the book’s case study approach, as you follow a successful small business through numerous M&A scenarios. This valuable adviser’s tool focuses on the following topics, as well as many others: 

  • Tax planning issues for the sale or purchase of assets in both C and S corporations
  • ESOPs—and why recent tax changes have made them more appealing
  • How to make tax preference reorganizations work for both the corporation and its shareholders
  • Industry roll-ups—their potential and risks
  • Transferring business ownership between family members

Author Scott Miller, who has guided hundreds of businesses through transition planning, offers you sophisticated planning techniques that will greatly enhance your value as an M&A adviser.

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Table of Contents

  • Overview
    • Introduction
    • Why CPAs Need to Understand the Transaction Environment
    • Organization of this Book
  • Chapter 1 Introduction: Case Study - XYZ Company, Inc
    • Introduction
    • XYZ Company, Inc
    • Overview of Operations
      • Ownership and Senior Management
      • Assumed Effective Tax Rates
      • Tax Outlook
      • Affiliated Entities - Real Estate Company and Communications Company
      • Products and Services
      • Financial Structure
      • Historical Financial Statements - Income Statements for years 20X1, 20X2 and 20X3
      • Forecasted Financial Statements - Income Statements for Five Years
      • Historical Financial Statement - Balance Sheet for Year 20X3
    • Overall Observations on XYZ Company, Inc
  • Chapter 2 Transaction Valuation Fundamentals
    • Introduction
    • Purpose of the Valuation
    • Determining Transaction Price
    • Price and Terms Briefly Examined
    • Standard of Value for Transactions
      • Fair Market Value (FMV)
      • Investment Value
      • Intrinsic or Fundamental Value
      • Fair Value
      • Emotional Value - What a Buyer and Seller Perceive
      • Types of Buyers and Sellers
    • Three Broad Approaches to Determining Value
    • Attributes of Ownership - Control Position and Minority Position
      • Control Position (Enterprise Value)
      • Minority Position and Minority Position Valuation
    • Liquidity Issues - Lack of Marketability
      • An Issue with FMV
      • Empirical Data of Lack of Marketability Discount
    • Additional Adjustments to Valuation
    • Three Valuation Approaches: Income, Market, and Asset
      • 1. Income Approach to Valuation
      • 2. Market Approach to Valuation
      • 3. Asset Approach to Valuation
    • Transaction Terms Revisited
    • Application of Computed Values
    • Fair Market Value
    • Investment Value
  • Chapter 3 Transaction Structure: The Art of the Deal
    • Introduction
    • A Negotiated Environment
      • Seller and Buyer Perspectives - Overview
      • Family Members
      • Business Partners
      • Third Parties
    • Seller’s Perspective
      • Deciding to Sell - Objectives and Goals
      • Preparing for Transition - Get the House in Order
      • Review of Legal Issues
      • Selecting the Seller’s Advisory Team
      • Developing a Marketing Strategy - Likely Buyers
      • Preparation of an Offering Memorandum
      • Seller’s Due Diligence
    • Buyer’s Perspective
      • Deciding to Acquire - Objectives and Goals
      • Identify Synergies and Economies of an Acquisition
      • Selecting the Buyer’s Advisory Team
      • Legal Issues and Insights
      • Buyer’s Due Diligence
      • Financing Overview
      • Regulatory Overview
      • Securities and Labor Laws
    • Transaction Terms Revisited
      • Terms Have Substantial Impact on Total Consideration
      • All Cash Deals Unlikely
      • Most Common Types of Terms
  • Chapter 4 Sale or Purchase of Assets
    • Introduction
    • Deal Structure
      • Goals of Buyer and Seller
      • Strategic Tax and Transaction Considerations
      • Identification of Assets for Tax Purposes
      • Allocation of Transaction Price Regarding IRC Section 1060
    • Example - Asset Based Transaction Initial Diagram and Structure of the Deal
      • Illustrated Asset Based Transaction
      • Standard of Value - Investment Value
      • Major Steps in the Asset Transaction
    • Additional Transaction Considerations
      • Terms Considered
      • Transaction Costs
      • Strategies - Buyer’s View
      • Strategies - Seller’s View
  • Chapter 5 Sale or Purchase of Stock
    • Introduction
    • Deal Structure
      • Goals of the Buyer and Seller
      • Strategic Tax and Transaction Considerations
    • Example - Stock Based Transaction Structure
      • Illustrated Stock Based Transaction
      • Standard of Value - Investment Value
      • Major Steps in the Stock Transaction
    • Taxable Stock Purchase Treated as an Asset Purchase (§338)
      • IRC Section 338 Election
      • IRC Section 338(h)(10) Alternative Election
    • Additional Transaction Considerations
      • Terms Considered
      • Transaction Costs
    • Summary of Strategic Issues
      • Strategies - BCI’s View
      • Strategies - Seller’s View
  • Chapter 6 Specialty Transaction: Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust
    • Introduction
    • Traditional Uses of an ESOP
      • Provide Liquidity and Diversification for Shareholders
      • Provide a Means of Capital Formation
      • Finance Corporate Acquisitions
      • An Incentive to Increase Employee Productivity and Retain Personnel
      • Provide a Succession ESOP
      • Provide Liquidity in Divorce Situations
      • Provide Negotiating Leverage for Any Proposed Transaction
      • Summary of Traditional ESOP Uses
    • Basic Features of ESOPs
      • Operating Considerations of an ESOP
    • Tax Incentives Related to ESOPs
      • Major C Corporation and S Corporation Attributes for ESOP Purposes
      • Major C Corporation Attributes
      • Major S Corporation Attributes
      • ESOP Contributions Tax Deductible within Statutory Limits
      • Contributions to an ESOP Based on Dividends (C Corporation)
      • Contributions to an ESOP Based on Distributions (S Corporation)
      • IRC Section 1042 Tax-Free Rollover (C Corporation)
      • Subsequent Sales of Stock to the ESOP
      • IRC Section 1042 Restrictions
      • Nontaxable Income Related to ESOP Stock (S Corporation)
      • Assets in ESOP Remain Untaxed until Retirement
    • Examples - Sales of Stock to an ESOP Assuming Either a C or an S Corporation
      • Illustrated ESOP Transactions Overview
      • Standard of Value - Fair Market Value
      • Computation of Value - Review
    • Example - Sale of C Corporation Stock to a Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover
      • Illustrated Sale and Major Steps of C Corporation Stock to a Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover
      • IRC Section 1042 Restrictions
      • Strategic Summary for the Sale of C Corporation Stock to a Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover
    • Example - Sale of C Corporation Stock to a Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover, Multiple Classes of Stock, and Control
      • Issue: Receiving a Prorated Control Position Price
      • Issue: Creating a Second Class of Stock
      • Illustrated Sale and Major Steps of C Corporation Stock to a Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover, Multiple Classes of Stock, and Control
      • IRC Section 1042 Restrictions
      • Control Position Transaction
      • Likely S Corporation Election
      • Strategic Summary for the Sale of C Corporation Stock to a Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover, Multiple Classes of Stock, and Control
    • Example - Sale of S Corporation Stock to Pre-funded ESOP with No Bank Debt
      • Illustrated Sale and Major Steps of S Corporation Sale to Pre-funded ESOP with no Bank Debt
      • Strategic Summary for Sale of S Corporation Stock to Pre-funded ESOP with no Bank Debt
    • Example - Convert to C Corporation First, Sell Stock to Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover and Control
      • Tax Planning Strategy
      • Illustrated Sale and Major Steps Converting to C Corporation First, Sell Stock to Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover and Control
      • IRC Section 1042 Restrictions
      • Control Position Transaction
      • S Corporation Election
      • Strategic Summary - Converting to C Corporation First, Sell Stock to Leveraged ESOP with IRC Section 1042 Rollover and Control
      • Strategic Summary - ESOPs
  • Chapter 7 Specialty Transaction: Tax Preference Reorganizations
    • Introduction
    • Main Categories of Reorganizations
      • 1. Acquisitive Reorganizations Overview
      • 2. Divisive Reorganizations Overview
      • 3. Restructuring Reorganizations Overview
    • Benefits and Applications of Reorganizations
    • Regulatory and Case Law Requirements for Reorganizations
      • Business Purpose
      • Continuity of Business Enterprise
      • Step Transactions
      • Continuity of Interest
    • Acquisitive Reorganizations Illustrated
      • Standard of Value - Investment Value and Facts for the Example Reorganizations
    • Example - Type A Reorganization, Statutory Merger
      • Illustrated Type A Reorganization - Statutory Merger
      • Major Steps in the Type A Reorganization Merger
      • Strategic Summary - Type A Reorganization Merger
    • Example - Type A Reorganization, Statutory Consolidation
      • Illustrated Type A Reorganization - Statutory Consolidation
      • Major Steps in the Type A Reorganization Consolidation
      • Strategic Summary Type A Reorganization Consolidation
    • Example - Type B Reorganization, Stock for Stock
      • Illustrated Type B Reorganization, Stock for Stock
      • Major Steps in Type B Reorganization Stock for Stock
      • Strategic Summary - Type B Reorganization Stock for Stock
    • Example - Type C Reorganization, Stock for Assets
      • Illustrated Type C Reorganization, Stock for Assets
      • Major Steps in the Type C Reorganization Stock for Assets
      • Strategic Summary - Type C Reorganization Stock for Assets
      • Triangular Transactions - Mergers
    • Example - Type A Forward Triangular Merger
      • Illustrated Type A Forward Triangular Merger
      • Major Steps in the Type A Forward Triangular Merger
      • Strategic Summary - Type A Forward Triangular Merger
    • Example - Type A Reverse Triangular Merger
      • Illustrated Type A Reverse Triangular Merger
      • Major Steps in Type A Reverse Triangular Merger
      • Strategic Summary - Type A Reverse Triangular Merger
  • Chapter 8 Specialty Transaction: The Industry Roll-up
    • Introduction
    • Roll-Up Industry Overview
      • Industry Roll-Up with Public Company Acquiring Closely Held Companies
      • Industry Roll-Up Involving Only Closely Held Companies
      • Rationale for Industry Roll-Ups Involving Public Companies
    • Example Roll-Up Structures - Public Companies
      • Standard of Value - Investment Value
    • Example - Roll-Up Involving Type B Reorganization Stock for Stock
      • Illustrated Industry Roll-Up Involving Type B Reorganization Stock for Stock
      • Major Steps in the Roll-Up Involving Type B Reorganization Stock for Stock
      • Strategic Summary for Roll-Up Type B Reorganization Stock for Stock
    • Example - Roll-Up Involving Taxable Stock Purchase
      • Illustrated Industry Roll-Up Involving Taxable Stock Purchase
      • Strategic Summary for Roll-Up Taxable Stock Purchase
    • Example Roll-Up Structures - Closely Held Companies
    • Example Roll-Up Involving Type A Stock for Stock Consolidation
      • Illustrated Industry Roll-Up Involving Type A Reorganization Stock for Stock with Closely Held Corporations
      • Standard of Value - Investment Value
      • Major Steps with Roll-Up Involving Type A Reorganization Stock for Stock with Closely Held Corporations
      • Strategic Summary Roll-Up Involving Type A Reorganization Stock for Stock with Closely Held Corporations
    • Common Transaction Considerations
      • Practical Considerations - Frequent IPO Failures
      • Concerns Regarding IPO Roll-Up Transactions
      • Roll-Up Transactions with No IPO Orientation
    • Roll-Up Transactions and Consolidations
  • Chapter 9 Specialty Transaction: Between Family Members
    • Introduction
    • Family Members Considered
      • Active and Inactive Family Members
    • Examples - Sales and Gifts of Stock between Related Parties
      • Standard of Value - Fair Market Value
      • Sale of Business Interests
    • Example - Sale of Stock for Cash
      • Illustrated Sale of Stock for Cash
      • Strategic Summary - Sale of Stock for Cash
    • Example - Sale of Stock Using Stock Bonus Plan
      • Illustrated Sale of Stock Using Stock Bonus Plan
      • Strategic Summary - Sale of Stock Using Stock Bonus Plan
    • Example - Sale of Stock Using Private Annuity
      • Illustrated Sale of Stock Using Private Annuity
      • Strategic Summary - Sale of Stock Using Private Annuity
    • Example Sale of Stock Using Self-Canceling Installment Note
      • Illustrated Sale of Stock with SCIN
      • Strategic Summary - Sale of Stock with SCIN
      • Gifts and Sales of Business Interests
    • Example - Gift of the Stock Using Donee Annual Exclusion
      • Illustrated Gifting Using Donee Annual Exclusion
    • Example - Combination Sale and Gift Using Annual Exclusion
      • Illustrated Sale and Gift Using Annual Exclusion
    • Example - Gift Involving Optimal Use of Unified Transfer Rate
      • Illustrated Use of Unified Transfer Credit
      • Illustrated Use of Spouses’ Combined Unified Transfer Credit
      • Minority Versus Control Position Issues
      • Strategic Summary - Using Unified Transfer Credit
    • Example - Gift Involving a Family Limited Partnership
      • Underlying Theory for Creating FLPs
      • Illustrated Use of Gifting Units in a FLP
      • Strategic Tax Summary - Family Limited Partnerships
  • Chapter 10 Resources
    • Business Valuations
    • Business Valuation Organizations
    • Employee Stock Ownership Plans
    • Employee Stock Ownership Plans Organizations
    • Business Transactions
    • Closely Held Businesses and Family Businesses

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Excerpts

Introduction

All closely held businesses will transition at some point; it is only a matter of time. Indeed, one could argue that closely held businesses are in a perpetual process of evolving. This dynamic process compels the business to adapt to market changes and eventually results in a transaction of some type. For our purposes, a transaction is generally defined as a change in the business's controlling ownership. There are a wide range of transaction options available to business owners. Progressive and enlightened business owners will embrace the transition process and elect a transaction structure of their choosing. Unfortunately, others will elect to resist (or perhaps ignore) the inevitable and fail to plan adequately for the transition process. Such business owners will almost certainly be very disappointed with the transaction results.

This book is largely aimed at business owners and their professional advisors who embrace the transition process. Anticipating the process and mastering its demands will result in attaining goals. When the transitioning process is headed for an actual transaction, the territory often becomes very technical and detailed. It is typically not enough to simply complete the transaction because there are other, more paramount concerns. Business owners want to complete transactions in the most efficient manner possible. This largely entails achieving stated goals, managing transaction-related costs, and minimizing taxes. This book explores a range of the more common transactions. To facilitate learning and comprehension, we use the case study approach. Most commonly, a hypothetical company, XYZ Company, Inc. (XYZ or the company) will demonstrate transaction principles and applied taxes. As appropriate, additional hypothetical companies will demonstrate key principles. Analyzing the proceeds relating to the transaction will often illustrate the impact of planning.

Why CPAs Need to Understand the Transaction Environment

If a CPA aspires to be a strategic advisor to the business owner of a closely held company, he or she must possess a wide range of business knowledge. One important practical area of expertise is transition planning. We have defined the business transaction as a change in control of the company. The following list includes a number of the important reasons for a CPA in either industry or public practice to understand transactions:

  • Transactions are inevitable. Being prepared for this eventuality is an important aspect of your professional development.
  • A knowledgeable CPA can optimize the business owner's negotiating strength. For CPAs in public practice, knowledge of the transition process that eventually results in a transaction is a very high value added service that you provide to clients. In business you do not get what you deserve, you get what you negotiate. This axiom holds true especially in the transaction environment. You are typically in the strongest position to negotiate when you have viable options. When considering transactions, knowing the range of alternatives for structuring potential deals is critical to developing viable strategies.

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Paperback 2008
Product# 091027
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