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Forensic Accounting for Divorce Engagements: A Practical Guide, Third Edition

Author: Donald A. Glenn, CPA/ABV, CVA, CFE, CFF; Ezra Huber, JD
Publisher: AICPA
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Description

Forensic Accounting for Divorce Engagements: A Practical Guide offers both new and experienced forensic accountants a wealth of information and tools to assist with searches for assets that a spouse may try to conceal. Using real-world examples, the book will teach you how to outsmart fraudsters by thinking creatively. Substantial appendixes supply templates for thorough information gathering.

This third edition features valuable new material, including:

  • Badges of Fraud—100 signs that a spouse may be concealing assets
  • Executive Fraud—A new chapter on marital fraud by executives at large and publically held companies
  • Forensic Accountant as Expert Witness—Advice on making the most of appearances on the witness stand and in depositions
  • Client Management—Terms every engagement letter must contain and how to handle fees
  • Appendices contain helpful checklists and questionnaires, including real property questionnaires, requests for documents, business valuation worksheets, and more

About the Authors
Ezra Huber, JD, is an admitted attorney in New York and California and has over 20 years' experience in the field of financial and asset protection planning. He is a prolific author of books and articles and is a frequent speaker on a wide variety of financial and legal matters throughout the country.

Donald A. Glenn, CPA/ABV, CVA, CFE, CFF, has over 30 years' experience and is frequently a court-appointed expert in the California Superior and Federal Bankruptcy Courts. He is a member of the national standards committee of the National Association of Certified Valuation Analysts and has served on the national board of directors of the Institute of Management Accountants. Mr. Glenn is a nationally known lecturer to judges, attorneys, CPAs, and other groups on forensic accounting.

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Highlights of This Third Edition to Forensic Accounting for Divorce Engagements
  • Chapter 1 - The Role of Forensic Accounting in Divorce
    • The Setting
    • Expectations of a Forensic Expert
      • Establishing Professional Relationships With Matrimonial Attorneys
    • Engagement Considerations
      • Conflicts of Interest and Bias
      • Cooperation of the Parties
      • Location
      • Appropriate Skills and Experience
      • Definition of Services
      • Who's the Client
    • Engagement Letter
      • Engagement Letter and Retainer Agreement
    • Case Coordination with Attorney and Client
    • Summary
  • Chapter 2 - Matrimonial Actions and Property Characterization and Division: Understanding the Process
    • Introduction
      • Property Rules Differ in Various States
    • Basic Matrimonial Litigation Procedure
      • The Preliminary Phase of the Lawsuit
      • Discovery
    • A Forensic Accountant's Role in the Courtroom
      • General Provisions
      • Testifying
      • Depositions
    • Valuation, Characterization, and Division of Marital Property
    • Marital Agreements
      • Prenuptial Agreements
      • Standard of Conduct Between Spouses
      • Trusts and Estates
    • Summary
  • Chapter 3 - Introduction to Marital Fraud
    • Introduction
      • Marital Fraud
      • Why Spouses Commit Fraud
      • Standard of Conduct Between Spouses
    • Badges of Fraud
      • Behavior Indicators
      • Lifestyle Issues
      • Diverted or Hidden Income
      • Inappropriate Transfers
      • Business
      • Others
      • The Wild Goose Chase
  • Chapter 4 - How to Investigate Business Assets
    • Introduction
    • The Role of the Forensic Accountant in Evaluating the Business
      • Overview of Different Types of Business Entities
    • Beginning the Investigation
      • Obtaining the Necessary Documentation
    • What Documents Should You Begin With?
      • Business Tax Returns
      • Business Agreements and Contracts
      • Books and Records of Corporate Ownership
      • Company Financial Statement
      • Appointment Book
      • Documentation Duality
      • Loan Documents
      • Insurance Papers
      • Bank Records
      • Financial Statement Manipulation
    • Summary
  • Chapter 5 - Undisclosed Income from Personal Lifestyles Investigation
    • Introduction
    • Purpose of a Lifestyle Analysis
    • Personal Lifestyle Analysis Concepts
    • The Broad Overview—Tax Returns
      • Income Tax Returns: Form 1040 (Personal), Form 1041 (Trust), and Forms 706 and 709 (Estate and Gift)
      • Interest Income and Dividend Income
      • Tax Refunds
      • Alimony or Child Support Received or Paid
      • Pensions and Annuities
      • Other Income
      • IRAs and Other Retirement Contributions
      • Other Adjustments to Income
      • Tax Credits
      • Tax Payments
    • Schedules to Form 1040
      • Schedule A—Itemized Deductions
      • Schedule B—Interest and Dividends
      • Schedule C—Business Income and Schedule F—Farm Income
      • Schedule D—Capital Gains and Losses
      • Schedule E—Rental Properties, Partnerships, and Other Arrangements
      • Other Schedules
      • Amended Returns
      • Estate Returns
      • Trust Income Tax Returns
    • Other Documentation
      • Bank Records
      • Cancelled Checks
      • Bank Deposits
      • Income Expected But Not Included
      • Gifts and Inheritances
      • Examining Personal Expenses
      • W-2 Forms and 1099s
      • Credit Card Records
      • Safe Deposit Box Records
      • Brokerage Account Records
      • Loan Applications and Financial Statements
      • Rental Real Estate/Separate Spousal Property
    • The Personal Lifestyle Analysis
      • Uncovering Lifestyle Changes
    • Summary
  • Chapter 6 - How to Examine and Analyze Specific Transactions—and Red Flags to Watch For
    • What Is At Stake
    • Salary
    • Capital Investments and Withdrawals
    • Evaluating the Proprietary of Otherwise Legitimate Business Write-Offs
      • Automobiles
      • Travel and Entertainment
      • Personal Expenses Written Off on the Business
      • Petty Cash
      • Suspense
      • Utilities and Telephone
      • Furnishings
      • Insurance
      • Rental Payments
      • Repairs
      • Prepaid Expenses
      • Miscellaneous Expenses
    • Inventory
    • Large One-Time Purchases
    • Other Adjustments for Purposes of Calculating Value
      • Nonrecurring Items
      • Recent Moves
      • Things That Might Temporarily Drive a Business Into Decline
      • Litigation
    • Depreciation
      • Fully Depreciated Assets
      • Real Estate
    • On-Site Inspections
    • Summary
    • Case Study
  • Chapter 7 - Beyond the Unallowable and Into the Land of Sham
    • Introduction
    • Self-Dealing and Inter-Family Dealings
      • Sudden Increases in the Cost of Supplies Without a Corresponding Increase in Prices Passed on to the Customer
      • Sudden Decrease in the Gross Income Without a Corresponding Decrease in the Cost of Labor or Supplies
      • Sudden Appearance of New Suppliers or New Customers
      • New Customers Immediately Replacing Nearly Identical Old Ones
    • Investigation of Receivables, Payables, and the Like
      • Accounts Receivable
      • Accounts Payable
      • Notes Receivable
      • Notes Payable
    • Other Areas to Investigate: Multiple Bank Accounts, Reason for Business Income Decline
      • Multiple Bank Accounts and Their Abuse
      • Income Squeeze: Turning Off the Income Spigot
    • Bad Debts and Spoilage
      • Bad Debts
      • Spoilage
      • Judgments Against the Company
    • Summary
    • Case Study
  • Chapter 8 - Executives at Large and Publically Held Companies
    • Introduction
    • Executive Compensation Manipulation
      • Hidden Compensation
      • Stock Options
      • Reload and Creative Stock Options
      • Retirement Benefits
      • Perks
      • Gross-Ups
      • Required Public Disclosure
  • Chapter 9 - Special Problems of Dealing with Cash Businesses
    • Knowing the Business Under Investigation
      • Typical Markup or Profitability
      • Ordinary Cost of the Business
    • Typical Cash Businesses
      • Laundromat
      • Bar
      • Hair Salon
      • Restaurants and Other Food Establishments
    • Determining Cash Payment from "Improbability" of Actions
    • Calculating Cash Received on the Basis of Cash Deposits Actually Made
      • There Might Be Too Little Deposited for the Type of Business
      • The Pattern of Deposits Might Be Too Consistent, With the Same Amount Being Deposited Every Time
      • The Deposits May Be Too Inconsistent
    • Summary
  • Chapter 10 - Marketing Forensic Accounting Services
    • Introduction
    • Identifying Your Market
    • Methods of Generating Business
      • Referrals
      • Seminars and Other Speaking Engagements
    • General Marketing Materials
      • Websites
      • Business Cards
      • Brochures
      • Newsletters
      • Rotary Index Cards
      • Giveaways
      • Endorsement Letter
      • Direct Mail Solicitation
      • Advertising
  • Appendix A - Engagement Letter for Litigation Services
  • Appendix B - Interrogatories
  • Appendix C - Document Request for Bank and Brokerage Account Records
  • Appendix D - Request for Documents Regarding Income and Other Financial Information
  • Appendix E - Business Valuation Information Worksheet
  • Appendix F - Request for Documents Regarding Marital Standard of Living
  • Appendix G - Investigative Inquiries or Deposition Questions Regarding Undisclosed Income
  • Appendix H - Typical Deposition Questions of an Accounting Expert
  • Appendix I - Request for Personal Tax Documents and Related Information
  • Appendix J - Demand for Real Property Documents and Records
  • Appendix K - Real Property Questionnaire

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Excerpts

Introduction

Even though CPAs have been assisting in family law for years, until recently, the forensic aspects of a CPA's assignments have been limited to a few specialists. This is no longer true. Judges and attorneys are increasingly relying on CPAs to find the answer to very complex financial issues. Litigation services in family law are experiencing a rapid expansion, with an ever-increasing need for additional forensic practitioners.

Forensic Accounting for Divorce Engagements: A Practical Guide, Third Edition provides the working knowledge and insights you'll need for the types of deceptions you may encounter. This edition is designed primarily as a how-to reference for divorce engagements, and features example-type situations and discussions of their practical applicability.

The divorce rate is high, approaching 50 percent in some areas. Divorce—even the "friendly divorce"— is a stressful, emotional, and difficult process. During the course of a marriage, spouses' assumed roles in marriage and money management usually evolve so that one spouse handles the money. Thus, the managing spouse has tremendous leverage because of his or her knowledge of and access to property and information in a divorce. All too frequently the managing spouse cannot resist taking advantage of his or her position to obtain a better financial settlement. When this is done by intimidation, concealment, deceit, or breach of spousal duties, it may be characterized as fraud. That's where the forensic CPA applies his or her skills and experience to discover, disclose, and assist the attorney in the recovery of property or rights obtained improperly or by fraud. This guide focuses on the seamy side of divorce.

A complete list of schemes used by fraudsters is not possible because they are a prolific and creative lot. And yet many times, schemes are not all that clever, but proof for court is difficult to gather. Whatever the assignment, this guide is intended to stimulate the creativity of the CPA as he or she proceeds through the labyrinth of a forensic investigation.

Highlights of This Third Edition to Forensic Accounting for Divorce Engagements

Role of Forensic Investigator—Relationship with marital attorney, expectations for reports and testimony, thorough discussion of engagement considerations and engagement letter.

Badges of Fraud—Categorized list of over 100 signs that a spouse may be concealing assets.

Forensic Accountant as Expert Witness—Detailed information and advice about the forensic accountant's role on the witness stand and in depositions.

Common Problematic Transactions—Personal expenses paid by business, inventory shrinkage, delay in invoicing customers, and large, unusual purchases and events.

Fraud and Misstatements—Decline in profit due to cost or volume changes, personal expenses hidden from disclosure, false venders or employees, and other fraud schemes.

Executive Compensation—New chapter on marital fraud by corporate executives, covering SEC regulations, bonuses, stock options, retirement benefits, and myriad perks.

Marketing Forensic Services—Practical suggestions to market forensic services, including a new section on website marketing.

Appendixes—Real-world templates to assist with document requests, deposition questions, and data organizing templates; helpful to respond quickly to an attorney's request for a list of required documents for a CPA's assignment.

Note: For general information on family law, the AICPA has published A CPA's Guide to Family Law Services—Forensic and Valuation Services Practice Aid 05-1, a resource to assist CPAs who provide services to clients and attorneys in the family law area. Forensic Accounting for Divorce Engagements: A Practical Guide begins where Practice Aid 05-1 leaves off: It is a comprehensive guide to the full spectrum of marital fraud and how to discover it.

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Paperback 2009
Product# 091029
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