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Construction Contractors — AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide

Publisher: AICPA
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Description

New 2008 edition coming June 6

This Audit and Accounting Guide provides the latest information on accounting and auditing issues affecting the construction industry. Updated with conforming changes as of March 1, 2008, it includes guidance in planning and performing audits under the risk assessment standards (SAS Nos. 104-111).  This edition of the guide has also been conformed to reflect the Defining Professional Requirements standards (SAS No. 102 and SSAE No. 13). Furthermore, it provides additional guidance on the auditor’s responsibilities as set forth in SAS Nos. 112-114, including identifying and reporting internal control deficiencies, understanding the link between the auditor’s consideration of fraud and the auditor’s assessment of risk, dating of the management representation letter, and the auditor’s communications with those charged with governance.

The guide summarizes applicable requirements and practices, and delivers "how-to" advice for handling audit and accounting issues common to the construction industry.  It describes accounting requirements for construction-type contracts and accounting and consolidation requirements for joint ventures and variable interest entities, and includes discussion of other relevant financial statement considerations.  The appendices include examples of computing income earned under the percentage-of-completion method, illustrative financial statements (one for contractors using the completed contract method and one for contractors using the percentage-of-completion method), and an entire re-print of SOP 81-1, Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts. The guide covers the following new accounting and auditing pronouncements:

  • Introduction to FASB Statement No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements – an amendment of ARB No. 51
  • Expanded discussion of FASB Statement No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, including the related FASB Staff Positions recently issued, and FASB Statement No. 159, Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities—Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115
  • Discussion of key audit requirements of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting That is Integrated with an Audit of Financial Statements

For a topical listing of subject matter by chapter, click on the Table of Contents tab.

Table of Contents

Content refers to previous edition

  • Chapter 1: Industry Background
    • Nature and Significance of the Industry
    • Features of the Business Environment
      • Characteristics Common to Contractors
      • Types of Contracts
      • Bonding and the Surety Underwriting Process
      • Project Ownership and Rights of Lien
      • Contract Changes
      • Financing Considerations
      • Joint Ventures
      • Reporting for Financial and Income Tax Purposes
    • Typical Industry Operations
      • Preparing Cost Estimates and Bids
      • Entering into the Contract
      • Planning and Initiating the Project
    • Variations in Size and Methods of Operation
    • Project Management
  • Chapter 2: Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type Contracts
    • Basic Accounting Policy for Contracts
      • Percentage-of-Completion Method
      • Completed-Contract Method
    • Determining the Profit Center
    • Measuring the Extent of Progress Toward Completion
    • Income Determination - Revenue
    • Income Determination - Cost Elements
      • Accounting for Contract Costs
      • Precontract Costs
      • Cost Adjustments for Back Charges
      • Estimated Cost to Complete
    • Computation of Earned Income
    • Revised Estimates
    • Provisions for Anticipated Losses on Contracts
    • Selecting a Measure of Extent of Progress
    • Costs of Equipment and Small Tools
    • Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
    • Asset Retirement Obligations
    • Mandatorily Redeemable Stock
  • Chapter 3: Accounting for and Reporting Investments in Construction Joint Ventures
    • Accounting for Transactions With the Venture
      • Capital Contributions
      • Sales to a Venture
      • Presentation Practices in Reporting Investments in Ventures
    • Recommended Financial Statement Presentation Practices
      • Corporate Ventures
      • General Partnerships
      • Limited Partnerships
      • Undivided Interests
    • Determining Venturers' Percentage Ownership
    • Conforming the Accounting Principles of the Venture
    • Losses in Excess of a Venturer's Investment, Loans, and Advances
    • Disclosures in a Venturer's Financial Statements
  • Chapter 4: Financial Reporting by Affiliated Entities
    • Combined Financial Statements
    • Presentation of Separate Statements of Members of an Affiliated Group
  • Chapter 5: Differences Between Financial Accounting and Income Tax Accounting
    • Causes and Sources of Differences
    • Accounting Methods Acceptable for Income Tax Purposes
      • Cash Method
      • "Accrual" Method
  • Chapter 6: Financial Statement Presentation
    • Balance Sheet Classification
    • Guidelines for Classified Balance Sheets
      • General Guidance
      • Retentions Receivable and Payable
      • Investments in Construction Joint Ventures
      • Equipment
      • Excess Billings
      • Liabilities
      • Deferred Income Taxes
    • Offsetting or Netting Amounts
    • Disclosures in Financial Statements
      • Significant Accounting Policies
      • Revised Estimates
      • Backlog on Existing Contracts
      • Receivables
    • Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan
    • Disclosures of Certain Significant Risks and Uncertainties
    • Accounting for Weather Derivatives
  • Chapter 7: Auditing Within the Construction Industry
    • Audit Focus
    • Scope of Section
  • Chapter 8: Controls in the Construction Industry
    • Estimating and Bidding
    • Project Administration and Contract Evaluation
    • Job Site Accounting and Controls
    • Billing Procedures
    • Contract Costs
    • Contract Revenues
    • Construction Equipment
    • Claims, Extras, and Back Charges
    • Joint Ventures
    • Internal Audit Function
    • SEC Requirements for Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
      • Annual Reporting Requirements
      • Quarterly Reporting Requirements
  • Chapter 9: Planning the Audit, Considering Internal Control and Other Auditing Considerations
    • Scope of This Chapter
    • Planning the Audit
    • Review of Contracts
    • Consideration of Internal Control
    • Tests of Controls
    • Audit Documentation
      • Audits Conducted in Accordance With GAAS
      • Audits Conducted in Accordance With PCAOB Standards
    • Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures
  • Chapter 10: Major Auditing Procedures for Contractors
    • Job Site Visits
    • Accounts Receivable
      • Unbilled Receivables
      • Retentions
      • Unapproved Change Orders and Claims
      • Contract Scope Changes
      • Contract Guarantees and Cancellation or Postponement Provisions
      • Collectibility
    • Liabilities Related to Contracts
    • Contract Costs
      • Costs Incurred to Date
      • Estimated Cost to Complete
    • Income Recognition
      • Evaluating the Acceptability of Income Recognition Methods
      • The Percentage-of-Completion Method
      • The Completed-Contract Method
      • Combining and Segmenting
      • Review of Earned Revenue
      • Analysis of Gross Profit Margins
    • Review of Backlog Information on Signed Contracts and Letters of Intent
    • Management Representations
  • Chapter 11: Other Audit Considerations
    • Affiliated Entities
      • Participation in Joint Ventures
      • Auditing Affiliated Companies and Related Party Transactions
    • Capitalization and Cash Flow
    • Types of Auditor's Reports on Financial Statements
    • Legal and Regulatory Considerations
      • State Statutes Affecting Construction Contractors
      • Governmental Prequalification Reporting
  • Chapter 12: Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement
    • The Importance of Exercising Professional Skepticism
    • Discussion Among Engagement Personnel Regarding the Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
    • Obtaining the Information Needed to Identify the Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
      • Considering Fraud Risk Factors
    • Identifying Risks That May Result in a Material Misstatement Due to Fraud
      • A Presumption That Improper Revenue Recognition Is a Fraud Risk
      • A Consideration of the Risk of Management Override of Controls
      • Key Estimates
    • Assessing the Identified Risks After Taking Into Account an Evaluation of the Entity's Programs and Controls That Address the Risks
    • Responding to the Results of the Assessment
    • Evaluating Audit Evidence
    • Responding to Misstatements That May Be the Result of Fraud
    • Communicating About Possible Fraud to Management, the Audit Committee, and Others
    • Documenting the Auditor's Consideration of Fraud
    • Practical Guidance
  • Appendix A: Statement of Position 81-1, Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts
  • Appendix B: Illustrations of Segmenting Criteria
  • Appendix C: Computing Income Earned Under the Percentage-of-Completion Method
  • Appendix D: Examples of Computation of Income Earned
  • Appendix E: Example of Change in Accounting Estimate
  • Appendix F: Sample Financial Statements Percentage Contractors, Inc.
  • Appendix G: Sample Accompanying Information, Percentage Contractors, Inc.
  • Appendix H: Sample Financial Statements, Completed Contractors, Inc.
  • Appendix I: Statement of Position 98-5, Reporting on the Costs of Start-Up Activities
  • Appendix J: Information Sources
  • Appendix K: Statement on Auditing Standards Cross-Referenced to Professional Standards AU Sections - Transition Schedule
  • Appendix L: Schedule of Changes Made to Construction Contractors
  • Glossary

Excerpts

Content refers to previous edition

Purpose and Applicability

This Guide applies to financial reporting and auditing in the construction industry, although the guidance provided may be useful in other industries for companies whose business involves construction-type contracts. It has been prepared

To provide background information on the nature and characteristics of the construction industry.

To update the AICPA industry Audit Guide, Audits of Construction Contractors, which was published in 1965, to cover all pertinent pronouncements to date of the APB, FASB, SEC, and other standard-setting bodies.

To assist contractors in applying generally accepted accounting principles.

To assist the independent auditor in applying generally accepted auditing standards and his knowledge of generally accepted accounting principles to his determination of whether generally accepted accounting principles have been applied by management, which has the primary responsibility for financial statements.

Auditing Guidance Included in This Guide

In March 2006, the ASB issued Statements on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 104–111 (the “risk assessment standards”). Collectively, the risk assessment standards establish standards and provide guidance concerning the auditor’s assessment of the risks of material misstatement (whether caused by fraud or error) in a nonissuer financial statement audit; design and performance of tailored audit procedures to address assessed risks; audit risk and materiality; planning and supervision; and audit evidence. The most significant changes to existing practice that the auditor will be required to perform are as follows:

Obtain a more in-depth understanding of the audited entity and its environment, including its internal control;

Perform a more rigorous assessment of the risks of where and how the financial statements could be materially misstated (defaulting to a maximum control risk is no longer permitted); and

Provide a linkage between the auditor’s assessed risks and the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures performed in response to those risks.

The statements are effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2006. Early adoption is permitted. See Appendix L in this Guide for a more detailed comparison between the risk assessment standards and the existing standards.

This Guide has been conformed to the new risk assessment standards to indicate, at a minimum, where these standards need to be applied. Additional implementation guidance, specific to this industry, is being developed and will be incorporated in the 2008 edition.

For additional guidance on the risk assessment standards, please refer to the AICPA Audit Guide Assessing and Responding to Audit Risk in a Financial Statement Audit and the AICPA Audit Risk Alert Understanding the New Auditing Standards Related to Risk Assessment.


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Paperback 2008
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